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√ Agricultural Employment - Labor Use in Agriculture
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 | Text - Arbeitskräftebedarf der Landwirtschaft
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| Why the number of workers is a rather bad proxy for work service provided in the agricultural sector (1. Seasonality of work 2. Variability in skills (quality of work) 3. Decreasing Work Hours by Worker 4. Less physical strength (because of malnutrition)) - Federico
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 | Dabei besonders wichtig (für mich) (und auch schon erwähnt in Kapitel 2): Rückgang der Arbeitszeit je Arbeit - dazu die Daten: Decrease of Working hours - Data only in the Agricultural Sector - Federico
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| [ref]This is taken from Giovanni Federico (2008) – Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton University Press. Here is the website of the book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8057.html
[/ref]
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| TABELLE The percentage of the European workforce employed in agriculture 1705, 1775, 1845, 1870 - Cambridge Economic History Vol. 1[ref]Broadberry and {O'Rourke} (2010) - *The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 1, 1700-1870*. Cambridge University Press. [/ref]
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| Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 1, 1700-1870
The percentage of the European workforce employed in agriculture
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1705
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1775
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1845
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1870
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Austria
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n.a.
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75
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72
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64
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Belgium
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n.a.
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26
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17
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Denmark
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n.a.
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n.a.
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n.a.
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45
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England
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35
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29
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20
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14
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France
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70
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65
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59
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59
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Ionia
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n.a.
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n.a.
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68
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60
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Ireland
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48
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48
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75
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49
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Malta
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n.a.
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n.a.
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50
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50
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Netherlands
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n.a.
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38
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34
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35
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Norway
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n.a.
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n.a.
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33
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33
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Poland
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n.a.
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n.a.
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89
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58
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Prussia
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80
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70
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60
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49
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Russia
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n.a.
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n.a.
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81
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81
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Scotland
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n.a.
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50
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23
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17
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Spain
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71
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66
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61
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61
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Sweden
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n.a.
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n.a.
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n.a.
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80
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Wales
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n.a.
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n.a.
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n.a.
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53
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Source: Brunt and Fidalgo, 2008.
Brunt, L., and A. Fidalgo. 2008. Why Europe and Not Asia? Agricultural Productivity and Industrial Revolution around the World before 1870, mimeo, University of Lausanne.
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| The percentage of the European workforce employed in agriculture.xlsx
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The percentage of the European workforce employed in agriculture 1705, 1775, 1845, 1870 - Cambridge Economic History[ref]Broadberry and O'Rourke (2010) - *The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 1, 1700-1870*. Cambridge University Press.
The original source is: Brunt, L., and A. Fidalgo. 2008. Why Europe and Not Asia? Agricultural Productivity and Industrial Revolution around the World before 1870, mimeo, University of Lausanne.
[/ref]
| | 1705 | 1775 | 1845 | 1870 |
|-------------|------|------|------|------|
| Austria | - | 75 | 72 | 64 |
| Belgium | - | | 26 | 17 |
| Denmark | - | - | - | 45 |
| England | 35 | 29 | 20 | 14 |
| France | 70 | 65 | 59 | 59 |
| Ionia | - | - | 68 | 60 |
| Ireland | 48 | 48 | 75 | 49 |
| Malta | - | - | 50 | 50 |
| Netherlands | - | 38 | 34 | 35 |
| Norway | - | - | 33 | 33 |
| Poland | - | - | 89 | 58 |
| Prussia | 80 | 70 | 60 | 49 |
| Russia | - | - | 81 | 81 |
| Scotland | - | 50 | 23 | 17 |
| Spain | 71 | 66 | 61 | 61 |
| Sweden | - | - | - | 80 |
| Wales | - | - | - | 53 |
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| TABLE Share of agriculture in the labour force of England, Netherlands, Italy, France and Poland (%) (1300-1800) – Broadberry and Gardner (2013)
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| Source: Derived from
Broadberry, Campbell and van Leeuwen (2013);
Broadberry, S., Campbell, B. amd van Leeuwen, B. (2013), “When di Britain Industrialise? The Sectoral Distribution of the Labour Force and labour Productivity in Britain, 1381-1851”, Explorations in Economic History, 50,16-27
Allen (2000: 8-9).
Allen, R.C. (2000), “Economic Structure and Agricultural Productivity in Europe, 1300-1800”, European Review of Economic History, 4, 1-26. Online here: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=469519
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| own NVD3 Share of the labour force working in Agriculture, 1300-2012 – Max Roser
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| Share-of-the-labour-force-working-in-Agriculture,-1300-2012-–-Max-Roser.png
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| Country-by-country agricultural labor force (absolute number and share) – Simon (1996)
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| TIMESERIES Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of the USA (1800-2000) - Simon (1996) - documented sources
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of the USA (1800-2000) - Simon (1996)[ref]Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell.
The original sources: 'Data for the United States are taken from Weiss (1986) for 1800-1860, from US Bureau of the Census (1976, p. 139, series Dl67 and Dl70), for 1870-1970, from US Bureau of the Census (1990, 378) for 1980, and from the Yearbook of Labour Statistics ( 1991) for 1988.'
Weiss, Thomas (1986): "Revised Estimates of the United States Workforce, 1800-1860." In Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds, Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER, 641-71.
US Bureau of the Census ( 1976): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Yearbook of Labour Statistics. 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994. Geneva: International Labour Office, Table 2A.
[/ref]
Figure 12.2 Agricultural labor force, USA
4 Data for the United States are taken from Weiss (1986) for 1800-1860, from US Bureau of the Census (1976, p. 139, series Dl67 and Dl70), for 1870-1970, from US Bureau of the Census (1990, 378) for 1980, and from the Yearbook of Labour Statistics ( 1991) for 1988.
Weiss, Thomas (1986): "Revised Estimates of the United States Workforce, 1800-1860." In Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds, Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER, 641-71.
US Bureau of the Census ( 1976): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Yearbook of Labour Statistics. 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1991, and 1994. Geneva: International Labour Office, Table 2A.
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| TIMESERIES Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force, England, the Netherlands, and France (1500-2000) - Simon (1996) - documented sources
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
[ref]Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell. [/ref]
Figure 12.1 Agricultural labor force, England, the Netherlands, and France
Figure 12.1 shows the share and size of the labor force in agriculture for the period from 1500 to the present in England, The Netherlands, and France. 22 Data for the period from 1840 to the present are from Mitchell (1980) and the Yearbook of Labour Statistics for The Netherlands and France, and from Lee (1979) for England . For the period 1500-1800, the data are from Wrigley (1986), with the following adjustments . Agriculture's share of the total labor force are Wrigley's share of the agricultural population . The absolute size of the agricultural labor force was calculated as 45% of Wrigley's agricultural population . The 45% is a rough estimate, based on the agricultural labor force participation rate for early nineteenth-century England.
Lee, C. H. (1979): British Regional Employment Statistics 1841-1971. Cambridge :,
Wrigley, E. Anthony (1986): "Urban Growth and Agricultural Change : England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period." In Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds (guest edited by Roger S. Schofield and E. Anthony Wrigley), Population and Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 123-68.
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| Not taken because better equivalent: TIMESERIES Percent of population employed in agriculture, Great Britain, 1600 to the present - Simon (1996) (on Data from Mitchell and Deane)
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Figure 1.5 Percent of population employed in agriculture, Great Britain, 1600 to the present
Source: Mitchell and Deane.
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| TIMESERIES Agricultural labor force, Belgium and Finland (post 1855?) - Simon (1996)
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Figure 12.3 Agricultural labor force, Belgium and Finland
Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of Belgium and Finland[ref]This is from chapter 12 (authored by Richard J. Sullivan) in Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell. The data is taken Brian Mitchell's International Historical Statistics (edition of 1981-83) the author updated this from 'various issues of the Yearbook of Labour Statistics'.[/ref]
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| TIMESERIES Agricultural labor force, Japan, Italy, and Spain post1870?) - Simon (1996)
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of Japan, Italy, and Spain[ref]This is from chapter 12 (authored by Richard J. Sullivan) in Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell. The data is taken Brian Mitchell's International Historical Statistics (edition of 1981-83) the author updated this from 'various issues of the Yearbook of Labour Statistics'.[/ref]
Figu re 12.4 Agricultural labor force, Japan, Italy, and Spain
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| TIMESERIES Agricultural labor force, Brazil and Mexico (post 1870?) - Simon (1996)
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of Brazil and Mexico[ref]This is from chapter 12 (authored by Richard J. Sullivan) in Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell. The data is taken Brian Mitchell's International Historical Statistics (edition of 1981-83) the author updated this from 'various issues of the Yearbook of Labour Statistics'.[/ref]
Figure 12.5 Agricultural labor force, Brazil and Mexico
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| TIMESERIES Agricultural labor force, Turkey, Egypt, and Colombia (post 191x?) - Simon (1996)
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of Turkey, Egypt, and Colombia[ref]This is from chapter 12 (authored by Richard J. Sullivan) in Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell. The data is taken Brian Mitchell's International Historical Statistics (edition of 1981-83) the author updated this from 'various issues of the Yearbook of Labour Statistics'.[/ref]
Figure 12.6 Agricultural labor force, Turkey, Egypt, and Colombia
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| TIMESERIES Agricultural labor force, Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand (post 1900?) - Simon (1996)
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand[ref]This is from chapter 12 (authored by Richard J. Sullivan) in Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell. The data is taken Brian Mitchell's International Historical Statistics (edition of 1981-83) the author updated this from 'various issues of the Yearbook of Labour Statistics'.[/ref]
Figure 12. 7 Agricultural labor force, Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand
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| TIMESERIES Agricultural labor force, India (post 1950?) - Simon (1996)
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| Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
Absolute size and share of the agricultural labor force of India[ref]This is from chapter 12 (authored by Richard J. Sullivan) in Simon(Editor) (1996) - *The State of Humanity*. Wiley-Blackwell. The data is taken Brian Mitchell's International Historical Statistics (edition of 1981-83) the author updated this from 'various issues of the Yearbook of Labour Statistics'.[/ref]
Figure 12.8 Agricultural labor force, India
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| cool but no source! 4WORLDMAPS World Map of Workforce in Agriculture (1900, 1930, 1960, 1992) – Matthew White
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| TABLE Agricultural Work Force in Absolute Numbers, by Country (in Millions) (1800-2000) – Federico (many different sources)
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Sources: 2000 FAO Statistical Database. Males only (last 4 rows): Bairoch 1999, table 2.1. Others: Argentina: (1910-14,1935-39) Diaz Alejandro 1970, table 5. Austria-Hungary: (1869, 1890,1910) personal communication by M. S. Schultze. France: (1806, 1856, 1881, 1911, 1936) Marchand and Thelot 1991, Table 3h. India: (1800 and 1850) estimated from Roy 2000, table 9.1, assuming a con- stant ratio to total population, (1881, 1910, and 1938) Roy 2000, table 9.5.9292. Heston (1982, table 4.1) quotes higher figures for 1875 (85.2 million) and 1895 (94.1 million), as does Mitchell (1998a, table Bl) for 1911 (103 million) and 1931 (100 million). Japan: (1880, 1910, and 1935) Hayami and Yamada 1991, table A.5; Canada: (1881, 1911 and 1931) Urquhart 1993, table 1.5. Germany: (1852, 1880, 1910, and 1938) Hoffmann 1965, ii, table 20.9393. Helling (1966, 140) challenges the reliability of the census: her alternative estimates are 37% higher in 1852, 10% in 1881, and 28% in 1907. Fremdling (1988, table 6) quotes an estimate by Holhs and Kaelble: a total of 8.3 million workers in 1895—or 15% less than the Hoffman figure for the same year.
Finland: (1880,
1910, and 1938) Hjerrpe 1989, table 11 A. Italy: (1881, 1911, and 1936) Vitali 1968, table V.2. Netherlands: (1807,1849, 1889, and 1909) Van Zanden 2000;and (1930) Mitchell 1998c, table Bl. Spain: males (all years) personal communications by L. Prados de la Escosura, females (1877, 1910, and 1940) Nicolau 1989, cuadro 2.15. USA: (1800 and 1850) Weiss 1992, table 1.1. (1880, 1910, 1940) Lebergott 1984, table 7.3. UK: (1801) Deane and Cole 1969, table 31; (1851, 1911, 1931) Mitchell 1988, Labor force table 2 (1921 boundaries).9'* 94. Higgs (1996) argues that these data are undervalued, as female workers are under- counted. See also the discussion (on England and Wales only) by Allen 1994, 107—8; Afton and Turner 2000, 941-55.
Indonesia: (1870, 1910, and 1938) van der Eng, personal communication. New Zealand: (1858, 1878, 1911, and 1936) Bloomfield 1984, tables IV.2 and IV.3. Bulgaria: (1910 and 1930) and Romania: (old kingdom, 1913 and 1930) Lampe and Jackson 1982, 104. Chile: (1810, 1850, 1880, 1910 and 1938) Braun 2000, table 7.2. Australia: (1911 and 1941), Belgium: (1846,1880, 1910, and 1930), Brazil: (1872 and 1920), Egypt: (1907 and 1937), Denmark: (1805, 1880, 1911, and 1940), Norway: (1875, 1910 and 1930); Portugal: (1890, 1910, and 1940), Sweden: (1860, 1880, 1910, and 1930) Mitchell 1998a, b, and c, table Bl; and Bairoch et al. 1968, table A2 (includes forestry and fishing).
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| [ref]This is taken from Giovanni Federico (2008) – Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton University Press. Here is the website of the book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8057.html
[/ref]
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| TABLE Agricultural Work Force in Absolute Numbers, by Country (in Millions) (1930-2000) – Federico (many different sources)
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Sources: 1930s: FAO Yearbook. 1950-2000 FAO Statistical Database.
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| [ref]This is taken from Giovanni Federico (2008) – Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton University Press. Here is the website of the book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8057.html
[/ref]
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| Not taken because original source used instead: TIMESERIES Agricultural Labor Force - Share & Absolute Numbers - US Post 1800 – Moore & Simon
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| Aus Moore & Simon - Its Getting Better All the Time
SOURCE: Simon, Figure 12-2, p. 126.
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| TIMESERIES Agricultural labor force and rural population by Continent (1960-2005) – World Development Report (2008)
Agriculture is not enough to absorb new rural workers
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| Agricultural labor force and rural population by Continent (1960-2005) – World Development Report (2008)
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| Source: FAO 2006a.
Note: Because data on the rural labor force are not available, growth in the rural population is used as a proxy for growth in the rural
labor force.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| TABLE Percentage Of Workers Mainly Dependent On Agricultural Income by continent (1950-2000) – FAO (2000)
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| Estimate.
Source.-FAOSTAT.
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| own datamap World Maps of employment in agriculture as share of total employment (1980-2012) – Max Roser
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| sl.agr.empl.zs_Indicator_en_excel_v2 (1).xls
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| [ref]
This data I have taken from the World Bank. It is the data set on Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) – online here. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS
The following definition is given by the World Bank: “Employees are people who work for a public or private employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3) and includes hunting, forestry, and fishing.”
[/ref]
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| WORLDMAP Employment in agriculture, share of total employment (percent, 2005-2010*) - FAO (2013)
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| Employment in agriculture, share of total employment (percent, 2005-2010*) - FAO (2013)
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| Correlates, Determinants, & Consequences
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| T! SCATTER-thorugh-TIME As Countries Develop, the Shares of GDP and Labor in Agriculture Tend to Decline, but with Many Idiosyncrasies
The Shares of GDP and Labor in Agriculture decline as Countries develop – Todaro & Smith (2011)
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| Source: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, World Development Report, 2008. Reprinted with
permission.
Note: The list of 3-letter codes and the countries they represent can be found in Table 2.1 on pp. 40–41.
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| The Shares of GDP and Labor in Agriculture decline as Countries develop – Todaro & Smith (2011)
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| SCATTER Share of employment in agriculture vs GDP
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| SCATTER Share of Labor and GDP in Agriculture versus GDP per Capita (logarithmic scale) – Alston and Pardey (2014)
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| Source: Authors’ calculations based on World Bank (2012) and FAOSTAT (2013).
Notes: The downward sloping straight line represents an OLS linear best fi t. Other line plots represent
the time path of annual values of the respective labor and output shares plotted against GDP per capita
(both on a logarithmic scale) for the period 1961–2011 for Brazil, China, Indonesia, Nigeria, and the
United States.
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| [ref]This is taken from Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 28, Number 1—Winter 2014—Pages 121–146. [/ref]
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| 1913.. SCATTER The Relationship between GDP per capita and the Share of the Labor Force in Agriculture in 1913 - Cambridge Economic History Vol. 2
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| SCATTER The share of wage workers in agricultural employment rises with per capita income – World Development Report (2008)
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| Sources: WDR 2008 team; World Bank 2006z.
Note: See table 9.2. The list of 3-letter codes and the countries they represent can be found on page xviii.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| TIMESERIES Labor productivity in European Countries (1961-2002) – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)
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| Labor productivity in European Countries (1961-2002) – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)
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| [ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
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| labour use in agriculture SCATTER Labor productivity in agriculture – log agricultural GDP per worker vs. log GDP per Worker – Aghion & Durlauf (2006)
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| [ref]This is from a chapter in Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1A. North Holland.
[/ref]
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| TIMESERIES U.S. Agricultural Output per Worker, 1800–1900 – Cruz and Mokyr [Eds.] (2010)
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| Source: Thomas Weiss, “Long-Term Changes in US Agricultural Output per Worker, 1800–1900,” Economic History Review 46 (1993), p. 335.
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| My source is: Laura Cruz and Joel Mokyr [Eds.] (2010) - The Birth of Modern Europe. Library of Economic History. Brill.
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| BARCHART Better educated rural youth tend to be in non-farm work: Non-farm employment rate of youth (age 15 to 24) in rural areas, by education level, selected countries, latest available year – UNESCO (2012)
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| Note: Data for Mexico are for ‘less urbanized’ areas.
Source: Understanding Children’s Work (2012).
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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| Measurement, Data Quality & Definitions
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| labour demand varies by produced food
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| BARCHART Labor requirements are considerably higher for vegetables than for cereals - Average number of labor days per hectare – World Development Report (2008)
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| Average number of labor days per hectare – World Development Report (2008)
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| Source: Weinberger and Lumpkin 2005.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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| World Bank – World Development Indicators
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| DATA Annual data on 'Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| sl.agr.empl.zs_Indicator_en_excel_v2.xls
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| Globally – by country and world region
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| DATA Annual data on 'Employees, agriculture, female (% of female employment)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Employees, agriculture, male (% of male employment)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| Szirmai (2005) using World Bank data
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| Szirmai (2005) publishes data on the agricultural labour force for some countries for the time 1950 to 2000. These data are also taken from (older publications of) the World Bank
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| Shares of Rural Population, Agricultural Labour Force and Agricultural Production, 1950-2000 - Szirmai (2005) [ref]Szirmai (2005) - The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. [/ref]
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| International Labour Organization
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| DATA Agriculture workers as % of labour force - through Gapminder
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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