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O Agricultural Regulation (Subsidies & Tariffs etc)
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 | TIMESERIES OECD Agricultural Subsidies (1986-2004) – Goldin & Reinert (2007)
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| TIMESERIES European grain tariffs (1870-1913) (ad valorem equivalent, per- cent): (a) wheat, (b) rye, (c) oats, (d) barley – Findlay (2007)
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| SCATTER Levels of protection in agriculture and manufacturing, 2000–4 (percent tariff equivalent) – Findlay (2007)
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| WORLDMAP World Map of Agricultural Subsidies (Agricultural Subsidies as a % of Agricultural Output) – SEDAC (NASA) R√
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 | [ref]This is from the Nasa Socioeconomic Data And Applications Center (SEDAC) hosted by the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University. This map is online at their website here.
This document is licensed under a Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
[/ref]
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| Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License means:
This means you are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the work) and to remix (adapt the work, make commercial use of the work) under the conditions that you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
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| TIMESERIES Domestic subsidies to agriculture exceed aid flows: Agricultural support ($ billions) (1990-2011) – World Development Indicators (2013)
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| Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
StatExtracts.
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| This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:
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| BARCHART Staatliche Unterstützung landwirtscahftlicher Betriebe – OECD Cross Section
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| Kleinvieh macht auch Mist: 2012 ist die staatliche Unterstützung für Landwirtschaft vielerorts erstmals seit langem wieder angestiegen. Die Schweiz ist eines der Länder, in denen Agrarbetriebe den größten Teil ihrer Einkünfte aus staatlichen Maßnahmen beziehen.
Mehr unter http://bit.ly/1bJbRv9 (Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2013, S.41f.)
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| to agriculture subsidies BARCHART Public spending on agriculture is lowest in the agriculture-based countries, while their share of agriculture in GDP is highest - Agricultural GDP/GDP Public spending on agriculture/agricultural GDP – World Development Report (2008)
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| Source: Fan, forthcoming.
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| Yet agriculture has been vastly underused
for development. Parallel to these successes
are numerous failures to use agriculture
for development. Many agriculturebased
countries still display anemic per
capita agricultural growth and little structural
transformation (a declining share of
agriculture in GDP and a rising share of
industry and services as GDP per capita
rises). The same applies to vast areas within
countries of all types. Rapid population
growth, declining farm size, falling soil fertility,
and missed opportunities for income
diversifi cation and migration create distress
as the powers of agriculture for development
remain fallow. Policies that excessively tax
agriculture and underinvest in agriculture
are to blame, refl ecting a political economy
in which urban interests have the upper
hand. Compared with successful transforming
countries when they still had a high
share of agriculture in GDP, the agriculturebased
countries have very low public spending
in agriculture as a share of their agricultural
GDP (4 percent in the agriculture-based
countries in 2004 compared with 10 percent
in 1980 in the transforming countries, fi gure
4). The pressures of recurrent food crises
also tilt public budgets and donor priorities
toward direct provision of food rather
than investments in growth and achieving
food security through rising incomes.
Where women are the majority of smallholder
farmers, failure to release their full
potential in agriculture is a contributing
factor to low growth and food insecurity.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| BARCHART Annual spending for energy and climate change R&D pales against subsidies – World Development Report 2010
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| Sources: IEA 2008a; IEA 2008b; IEA, http://www.iea.org/ Textbase/stats/rd.asp (accessed April 2, 2009).
Note: Global subsidy estimates are based on subsidies shown for 20 highest-subsidizing non-OECD countries only (energy subsidies in OECD countries are minimal).
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| to agriculture subsidies BARCHART Developing countries are taxing agricultural exportables less – World Development Report (2008)
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| Source: Anderson, forthcoming.
Note: The nominal rate of assistance is a measure of domestic output prices relative to border prices, which also takes into account
domestic input subsidies.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| to agri subisidies TABLE Estimated cost distribution of current trade policies (percent of costs of current global trade policies in 2015 relative to a full trade liberalization scenario) – World Development Report (2008)
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| Source: Anderson, Martin, and van der Mensbrugghe 2006a.
Note: The full trade liberalization scenario is based on estimates of bilateral tariffs and domestic and export subsidies
as of 2001. Bilateral trade preferences are included.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| BARCHART Aid and agricultural subsidies relative to GDP in OECD-DAC countries – World Development Report (2006)
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| Sources: OECD-DAC (2004) and OECD (2003).
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| BARCHART Progress has been slow in reducing overall support to agricultural producers in the OECD, but there has been some move to less-distorting “decoupled” payments (1986 to 2005) – World Development Report (2008)
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| Source: OECD 2006b.
Note: Coupled payments include market price supports and payments tied to output level and input use. OECD
countries include EU, Australia, Canada, Iceland, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway,
Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States.
a. Transfers to agricultural producers as a share of the gross value of farm receipts.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| Correlates, Determinants, & Consequences
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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| Measurement, Data Quality & Definitions
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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| DATA Distortions to Agricultural Incentives: The World Bank recently completed a big data compilation exercise for Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, with a team of researchers headed by Kym Anderson providing various Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives (1955-2007). A core database provides data for Nominal Rates of Assistance to producers (NRAs), together with a set of Consumer Tax Equivalents (CTEs), for farm products and a set of Relative Rates of Assistance to farmers in 75 focus countries. Note that the variable 'border price' (bp) does however not represent the... how can I say this... 'border price', but a hypothetical producer price in the absence of distortions (domestic producer price divided by (1+NRA) and expressed in USD). The border price (fob) is not contained in the main datafile but can be found in the individual country spreadsheet (rows 37-39 for primary products, or 44-46 for lightly processed products). I am grateful to Kym Anderson and Ernesto Valenzuela for clarification; they also point to an alternative data reporter at Adelaide University where they are both based.
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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