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√ CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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 | CO2 Emissions over the long run
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 | own NVD3 TIMESERIES Global CO2 Emissions (in million metric tons of carbon), Since 1751
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| Source: Tom Boden (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) Gregg Marland (Appalachian State University) and Bob Andres (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
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| Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production (million metric tons of C) Carbon emissions from gas fuel consumption Carbon emissions from liquid fuel consumption Carbon emissions from solid fuel consumption Carbon emissions from cement production Carbon emissions from gas flaring Per capita carbon emissions (metric tons of carbon; after 1949 only)
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| own NVD3 TIMESERIES Global CO2 Emissions per capita (in metric tons of carbon per capita), Since 1751
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| Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production per capita (in metric tons of C per capita)
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| Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production per capita (in metric tons of C per capita)
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| Global-CO2-Emissions-per-capita,-since-1751-–-Max-Roser.png
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| Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production (million metric tons of C) Carbon emissions from gas fuel consumption Carbon emissions from liquid fuel consumption Carbon emissions from solid fuel consumption Carbon emissions from cement production Carbon emissions from gas flaring
Per capita carbon emissions (metric tons of carbon; after 1949 only)
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| (metric tons of carbon; after 1949 only)
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| good! TIMESERIES Global CO2 emissions and concentration in the atmosphere since 1900 – Acemoğlu
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| TIMESERIES Global CO2 Emissions, 1751-2013 [OC] (
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| [–]WikeyWo [S] 4 points 11 hours ago* (?|?)
Made with: Google documents spreadsheet
Sources:
Boden, Tom; Marland, Gregg; Andres, Bob (10 June 2011). "Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751-2008." Carbon Dioxide Information Analyst Center. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
"Global Carbon Emissions: Data for Carbon Emissions. CO2Now.org. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
Garside, Ben (18 November 2013). "Global Carbon Emissions Ride to New Record in 2013: Report." Reuters. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
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| TIMESERIES Global emissions of CO2, 1850–2008 (in Gt C/year) and tropospheric CO2 concentrations, 1958–2008 – Smil (2010)
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| Plotted from emissions data in Rotty and Marland
(2009) and from Mauna Loa concentrations data in NOAA (2009).
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| TIMESERIES World Annual Emissions of Carbon Dioxide per Person (1950-1999) – Anderson (2004)
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| (US? World? nichtklar) TIMESERIS CO2 emissions per capita since 1860.
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| CO2 emissions per capita since 1860. One will notice that:
Emissions per capita due to deforestation have globally been decreasing for a century, and this decrease has been particularly fast right after the Second World War. One might wonder if our forests have not been spared by the multiplication of tractors and fertilizers, that allowed an eightfold increase of yields. If so, what will happen when oil and gas become really constrained?
Emissions per capita coming from coal have never stopped rising. The reason is alas simple: 2/3 of the world coal production is used to generate electricity, which increases along with the GDP (below, world GDP vs. world electricity generation for the period 1985 - 2012: a perfect line!).
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| Very long run perspective on CO2 Concentrations
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| TIMESERIES Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations (in parts per million) for the last 1100 years, measured from air trapped in ice cores (up to 1977) and directly in Hawaii (from 1958 onwards) – MacKay (2008)
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| MacKay:
I think something new may have
happened between 1800AD and
2000AD. I’ve marked the year 1769,
in which James Watt patented his
steam engine. (The first practical
steam engine was invented 70 years
earlier in 1698, but Watt’s was much
more efficient.)
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| TIMESERIES Atmospheric CO2 concentration (ppm) during the past 1000 years –
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| Data (•) for the period 1006–1795 are based on measurements of gases trapped in the DSS ice core from Law Dome, Antarctica (Etheridge et al., 1996).
Measurements for the period 1832-1953 are from the DE08 and DE08-2 Law Dome ice cores (Etheridge et al., 1996).
Values in the period 1958–96 are from direct measurements in the middle troposphere at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (Keeling and Whorf, 1997). The DSS, DE08, and DE08-2 data represent state-of-the-science with respect to [CO2] measurement accuracy (uncertainty of ±1.2 ppm) and age resolution (spread of 25–40 years) of air trapped in ice cores (Etheridge et al., 1996). Mauna Loa values are the mean of the 12 monthly means each calendar year. Seven monthly means are missing from the Mauna Loa record (four in 1958 and three in 1964) and I estimated values for those months by interpolation. I also fitted a cubic smoothing spline (—) to all the measurements using Fortran routines CURFIT and SPLEV (and the routines they call) from Dierckx, 1987 and Dierckx, 1993. At least part of the damping effect of the smoothing spline probably removes measurement errors rather than real atmospheric features (Etheridge et al., 1996). A normal cubic interpolating spline produces unrealistic variation in [CO2]a between measurements. Most of the increase in [CO2]a since about 1800 was due to fossil fuel use and release of CO2 from the terrestrial biosphere due to deforestation. The present global terrestrial biosphere, however, is a net sink for CO2 (although some locally disturbed areas are net local CO2 sources) and the oceans have been a net annual sink for CO2 since about 1800. Other processes are also important to changes in [CO2]a. For example, the decline in [CO2]a ca. 1550–1600, and perhaps its `recovery' ca. 1750–1800, was probably not due to human activities. Instead, this significant alteration in the global carbon cycle likely resulted from large-scale natural phenomena, maybe including the so-called little ice age (Etheridge et al., 1996). It is also notable that [CO2]a was apparently stable (or even declining) in the period ca. 1935–45 (see Etheridge et al. (1996)for more details) even though fossil fuel use continued then; that is, all the fossil carbon released as CO2 was balanced by net carbon storage in oceans and on land during that 10-year period. Note that more than half the increase in [CO2]a since 1800 occurred after the mid 1950s.
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| own NVD3 Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide concentrations over the last 2000 years – Max Roser
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| own NVD3 Atmospheric CO2 concentrations – reconstructions from Law Dome merged with modern observational data – Max Roser
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| Atmospheric canon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations over 800,000-years – CDIAC
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| DATA Data Sources Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations
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| 417,160 - 2,342 years BP – Historical Carbon Dioxide Record from the Vostok Ice Core
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| 1006 A.D.-1978 A.D. – Historical CO2 Records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS Ice Cores
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| DE08, DE08-2, and DSS records
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| DE08, DE08-2, and DSS records smoothed using a spline fit with a 75 year cutoff
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| Sources:
For 1850-1953, Etheridge et al's ice core data were adjusted to accout for the geographical distribution of CO2 as a function of time. The means of data (SIO for 1958-1974 and CMDL in-situ data for 1975-1982) at sites (Mauna Loa and South Pole), used before, were adjusted for the geographical inhomogeniety. For 1983-2002, means of data at CMDL CCCG sampling network were computed. The 2003 data is the mean of the incremeant of in-situ data at four sites (Barrow, Mauna Loa, American Samoa and South Pole) from 2002 to 2003 added to the 2002 global data. For 2004 amount an estimated increase of 1.5 ppm was added to the 2003 amount.
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| cool! AREACHART Breakdown of world greenhouse-gas emissions (2000) by cause and by gas – MacKay
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| Source:
Emission Database for Global
Atmospheric Research.
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| “Energy” includes power stations, industrial processes, transport, fossil fuel processing, and energy-use in buildings. “Land use, biomass burning” means changes in land use, deforestation, and the burning of un-renewed biomass such as peat. “Waste” includes waste disposal and treatment. The sizes indicate the 100-year global warming potential of each source.
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| T neat! COOL-GRAPH Sources of greenhouse gas emissions, 2005 [Original source: World Resources Institute] – World Development Report (2009)
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| Source: World Resources Institute; see Baumert, Herzog, and Pershing 2005.
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| Transport accounts for about one-seventh of CO2 emissions
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| PIECHART Global CO2e emissions by sector: Energy, but also agriculture and forestry, are major sources – World Development Report 2010
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| Source: IPCC 2007a, figure 2.1.
Note: Share of anthropogenic (human-caused) greenhouse gas emissions in 2004 in CO2e (see figure 1 for the definition of CO2e). Emissions associated with land use and land-use change, such as agricultural fertilizers, livestock, deforestation, and burning, account for about 30 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions. And uptakes of carbon into forests and other vegetation and soils constitute an important carbon sink, so improved land-use management is essential in efforts to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| TIMESERIES Global CO2 emissions by source: Baseline, 1980-2050 – OECD (2012)
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| The category “energy transformation” includes emissions from oil refineries, coal and gas liquefaction.
Source: OECD Environmental Outlook Baseline; output from IMAGE.
1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932570506
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| TIMESERIES (stacked area chart) Evolution of the CO2 emissions coming from fossil fuels, in million tons carbon equivalent, by world region
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| Source: Marland, G., TA. Boden, and R. J. Andres, 2003. Global, Regional, and National Fossil Fuel C02 Emissions. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., United States
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| cool! BAR-AREA-CHART Greenhouse gas pollution (tons CO2e/y per person) by Region and Country – MacKay (2008)
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| cool! BAR-AREA-CHART Historical responsibility for climate impact: Average pollution rate (tons CO2/y per person) – MacKay
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| MayKay:
If we assume that the climate has been damaged by human activity, and
that someone needs to fix it, who should pay? Some people say “the
polluter should pay.” The preceding pictures showed who’s doing the
polluting today. But it isn’t the rate of CO2 pollution that matters, it’s
the cumulative total emissions; much of the emitted carbon dioxide (about
one third of it) will hang around in the atmosphere for at least 50 or 100
years. If we accept the ethical idea that “the polluter should pay” then
we should ask how big is each country’s historical footprint. The next
picture shows each country’s cumulative emissions of CO2, expressed as
an average emission rate over the period 1880–2004.
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| stylised map with circles WORLDMAP World Map of CO2 Emissions – National Post
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| BARCHART Greenhouse gas emissions by country 1990 and 1998, without sinks, in thousand tonnes carbon equivalent, for most Annex I countries plus China.
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| Greenhouse gas emissions, without sinks, in thousand tonnes carbon equivalent, for most Annex I countries plus China. From United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC (for China emissions concern just CO2 - figures coming from the french Ministère de l'Industrie). NB : emissions coming from international travel of goods or people are not affected (they do not end in a national total).
It can be noticed that all Eastern Europe countries have notably diminished their emissions between 1990 and 1998, thanks to....the recession they experienced. Are economic growth and decrease of emissions compatible ?
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| TIMESERIES CO2 world emissions, in millions tons of carbon equivalent, developed vs developing nations –
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| CO2 world emissions, in millions tons of carbon equivalent. From Mission Interministérielle de l'Effet de serre
Annex I designates all the countries that have committed themselves to a reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions under the terms of the Kyoto protocol ; this category essentially comprises developped countries and countries "in transition" (Eastern Europe countries, mostly).
Annex II designates the countries that signed the Kyoto protocol but that did not commit to any reduction (essentially developping countries, including China and India).
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| great BARCHART Individuals’ emissions in high-income countries overwhelm those in developing countries – World Development Report 2010
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| Sources: Emissions of greenhouse gases in 2005 from WRI 2008, augmented with land-use change emissions from Houghton 2009; population from World Bank 2009c.
Note: The width of each column depicts population and the height depicts per capita emissions, so the area represents total emissions. Per capita emissions of Qatar (55.5 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita), UAE (38.8), and Bahrain (25.4)—greater than the height of the y-axis—are not shown. Among the larger countries, Brazil, Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nigeria have low energy-related emissions but significant emissions from land-use change; therefore, the share from land-use change is indicated by the hatching.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| MANY TIMESERIES CO2 Emissions (also per Person) for various countries – The Economist
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| Emissions in particular countries
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| TIMESERIES Total Carbon Emissions per Person in the United States, 1900-1999 – Anderson (2004)
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| TIMESERIES Gross Carbon Emissions per Person and Income in the United States, 1929-1996 – Anderson (2004)
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| TIMESERIES Total Emissions of Carbon Dioxide in the United States, 1900-1999 – Anderson (2004)
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| TIMESERIES Net Carbon Emissions per Person in the United States 1962-1999 – Anderson (2004)
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| Breakdown by activity of the CO2 emissions in France since 1960, in millions tonnes of carbon equivalent. I
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| International air transport is not included.
Three epochs are visible on this graph:
before the first oil shock (1974), all emissions are rapidely rising. The strong economic growth that went along with reconstruction in France after the Second World War went with an equally strong growth of the emissions, with a final phase obvious in 1973.
after the first oil shock, the industrial sector starts to efficiently track down every Joule in excess, and besides converts some usages to electricity (replacing a fossil fuel by electricity, produced or not with a fossil fuel, displaces the emissions from "industry" to "energy sector"). All this leads to a continuous decrease of the emissions until the "counter-shock" (oil became very cheap in 1985).
During the same period the growing share of nuclear energy, resulting from the program launched by the french government in 1974, allowed a fast decrease of the emissions of the energy sector. At last, households have also focused on energy savings in the buildings, with visible results.
and at last the road transport gorws... until the world oil production becomes almost constant, and then the CO2 emissions begin to decrease, because the French oil supply does the same!
From CITEPA, 2012
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| Production vs Consumption based CO2 Emissions
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| BARCHART Production- and consumption-based emissions (millions of tons of CO2) – World Development Report 2010
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| Source: Atkinson and others 2009.
Note: The height of the blue bar measures total emissions from production of goods and services; the green bar represents how much carbon is emitted domestically to support domestic final demand (virtual carbon from domestic sources); the orange bar represents how much carbon is emitted abroad to support domestic final demand (the virtual carbon from foreign sources). If the height of the blue bar is greater than the sum of the other two bars, then the country is a net exporter of virtual carbon
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| TIMESERIES CO2 Emissions taking into account the emissions for imported stuff (Denmark, Great Britain, EU27) – Lomborg
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| Bjørn Lomborg
Many rich nations like to emphasize how they are cutting CO2. But in reality we are often just emitting less *here* while importing lots of stuff that emits CO2 in China and elsewhere.
That makes us feel good, but it doesn't help the world. Here is a chart for Denmark 1990-2010. We proudly say we have reduced emissions 23% (true for geographical Denmark), but when we also look at the emissions in our imports, we have actually increased our CO2 emissions by 16%.
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| Bjørn Lomborg
In the ongoing look at CO2, let's take a look at Great Britain. Most rich nations like to emphasize how they are cutting CO2. But in reality we are often just emitting less *domestically* while importing lots of stuff that emits CO2 in China and elsewhere.
That makes us feel good, but it doesn't help the world. Here is a chart for Great Britain 1990-2010. GB can proudly say they have reduced emissions 14% (true for geographical Great Britain), but when we also look at the emissions in the imports, they have actually increased their CO2 emissions by 18%.
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| The Doha climate talks are finished, and really all that was agreed was to extend an extremely outdated Kyoto agreement. Now only the EU, Norway, Switzerland and Australia participates, making up less than 15% of the world's emissions.
Again, it is perhaps worth noting that this group of countries may brag that they have cut their CO2. But in reality they have simply cut down their *domestic* emissions while importing lots of stuff that emits CO2 in China and elsewhere.
It may make us feel good, but it doesn't help the world. Here is a chart for the new Kyoto partners 1990-2010. Yes, they have indeed reduced their domestic emissions almost 4% over the past two decades. But when we include emissions in the imports, total emissions have actually increased by more than 3%.
Remember that most of the decline in the 1990s were driven by the extraordinary decline in Eastern Europe after communism's collapse. Since 2000, emissions have been rising dramatically, only interrupted by the global crash in 2008 and the EU continued economic sclerosis.
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| TIMESERIES Import-export ratio of energy-intensive products in high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries – World Development Report 2010
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| Largest interregional fluxes of emissions embodied in trade (Mt CO2 y−1) from dominant net exporting countries (blue) to the dominant net importing countries (red). Fluxes to and from Western Europe are aggregated to include the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, and Sweden. – Davis and Caldeira (2010)
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| Balance of CO2 emissions embodied in imports and exports of the largest net importing/exporting countries (and Middle East region). Colors represent trade in finished goods by industry sector. Traded intermediate goods (gray) are those used by industries in the importing country to meet consumer demand for domestic goods. nec, “not elsewhere classified.” – Davis and Caldeira (2010)
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| Mean CO2 intensity of imports and exports to and from the largest net importing/exporting countries (and Middle East region). Trade is valued at exporter prices. – Davis and Caldeira (2010)
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| Global differences between consumption (FCr) and production (FPr) emissions (i.e., the net effect of emissions embodied in trade) in 2004 by mass of CO2 emissions in the region (Top) and also normalized per unit GDP (Middle) and per capita (Bottom). Twenty-seven countries/regions with GDP <10 G$ (1 G$ = 1 billion $US) in 2004 are excluded and appear white. Excluded countries/regions represent 155 G$ in 2004 (0.38% of world GDP), 319 million people (4.98% of global P), and 184 Mt CO2 (0.7% of global F). – Davis and Caldeira (2010)
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| Where does the CO2 go to? CO2 Budgets and Natural Carbon Storage
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| cool! AREACHART Carbon Storage of the World: Estimated amounts of carbon, in gigatons, in accessible places on the earth – MacKay
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| (There’s a load more carbon in rocks too; this carbon moves round on a timescale of millions of years, with a long-term balance between carbon in sediment being subducted at tectonic plate boundaries, and carbon popping out of volcanoes from time to time. For simplicity I ignore this geological carbon.)
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| The arrows show two extra carbon flows produced by burning fossil fuels. There is an imbalance between the 8.4 Gt C/y emissions into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and the 2 Gt C/y take-up of CO2 by the oceans. This cartoon omits the less-well quantified flows between atmosphere, soil, vegetation, and so forth.
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| TABLE The global carbon budget for two time periods (Pg C per year) – Pan et al. (2011)
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| [ref]This is taken from Pan et al (2011) – A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests. Science 333, 988 (2011); DOI: 10.1126/science.1201609. Online here. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988
Note by the original paper: There are different arrangements to account for elements of the global C budget (see also table S6). Here, the accounting was based on global C sources and sinks. The terrestrial sink was the residual derived from constraints of two major anthropogenic sources and the sinks in the atmosphere and oceans. We used the C sink in global established forests as a proxy for the terrestrial sink.[/ref]
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| Overview of Greenhouse Gases
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| BARCHART Breakdown of the anthropic greenhouse gas emissions by gas, in billion tons carbon equivalent, in 2004 – IPCC
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| Timeseries of various Greenhouse Gases
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| TIMESERIES Proportions of the main greenhouse gases (CO2, Methane, Nitrous Oxide) in the atmosphere (more exactly in the troposphere) since 1750. From IPCC, 2001
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| good! TIMESERIES Global emissions of carbon dioxide and methane (1850-2000) – Fouquet & Pearson (2012)
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| Sources:
Marland et al.(2007); Houghton (2008); Stern and Kaufmann(1998).
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| Marland, G.,Boden,T.A.,Andres,R.J.,2007.Global,Regional,andNationalCO2
Emissions. InTrends:ACompendiumofDataonGlobalChange.Carbon
Dioxide InformationAnalysisCenter,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,US
Department ofEnergy,OakRidge,Tenn.,USA.
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| Houghton, R.A.,2008.CarbonFluxtotheAtmospherefromLand-UseChanges:
1850–2005. InTRENDS:ACompendiumofDataonGlobalChange.Carbon
Dioxide InformationAnalysisCenter,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,US
Department ofEnergy,OakRidge,Tenn.,USA.
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| Stern, D.I.,Kaufmann,R.K.,1998.AnnualEstimatesofGlobalAnthropogenic
Methane Emissions:1860–1994.TrendsOnline:ACompendiumofDataon
Global Change.CarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter,OakRidge
National Laboratory,USDepartmentofEnergy,OakRidge,Tenn.,USA.
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| [ref]The source is Fouquet & Pearson (2012) - Past and prospective energy transitions: Insights from history
[/ref]
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| MANY(TIMESERIES) Global emissions of greenhouse gases have been increasing – World Development Report 2010
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| Source: Reproduced from Barker and others 2007.
Note: This figure shows the sources and growth rates of some of the medium-to long-term greenhouse gases. Fossil fuels and land-use change have been the major sources of CO2, while energy and agriculture contribute about equally to emissions of CH4. N2Ocomes mainly from agriculture. Additional greenhouse gases not included in the figure are black carbon (soot), tropospheric ozone, and halocarbons. The comparisons of the equivalent emissions of different gases are based on the use of the 100-year Global Warming Potential; see note 9 for explanation.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| TIMESERIES Evolution of the sulphate concentration in the ice of the polar caps (milligrams of SO4 per ton of ice ; vertical axis on the right) since 1800. The vertical axis on the right gives the deducted annual SO2 emissions, in millions of tonnes of sulfur - IPCC 2001
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| TIMESERIES Sulfur dioxide emissions, by source 1940–1998 – Aghion & Durlauf [Eds.] (2006)
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| [ref]This is taken from a chapter in Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland.
[/ref]
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| TIMESERIES Nitrogen oxide emissions, by source 1940–1998 – Aghion & Durlauf [Eds.] (2006)
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| [ref]This is taken from a chapter in Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland.
[/ref]
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| World methane emissions by source since 1860, in million tonnes.
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| Livestock = ruminants, gas flaring = burning of the gas on oil fields, gas supply = leaks during gas extraction and distribution, coal mining = venting of mines, and biomass burning = incomplete combustion of biomass.
Source: Annual Estimates of Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions: 1860-1994, David I. Stern* and Robert K. Kaufmann + extrapolation by myself after 1994.
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| SCHEMATIC-TIMESERIES Decay of a small pulse of CO2 added to today’s atmosphere, according to the Bern model of the carbon cycle – MacKay
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| Source: Hansen et al. (2007).
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| not! TIMESERIES-BARCHART Germany Energiewende future projections (2010-2050) –
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| SOURCE: MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BMU)
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| Projection TIMESERIES CO2 emissions from land use: Baseline, 1990-2050 – OECD (2012)
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From the Report
Box 3.2. Land-use emissions of CO2 – past trends and future projections
Historically, global net-CO2 emissions from land-use change (mainly deforestation
driven by the expansion of agricultural land) have been in the order of 4-8 GtCO2 a year.
Other factors also contribute to land-use related emissions, e.g. forest degradation and
urbanisation.
In the Baseline scenario, the global agricultural land area is projected to expand
until 2030, and to decline thereafter, due to a number of underlying factors such as
demographics and agricultural yield improvements (see Chapter 2 for detailed discussions).
However, the projected trends in agricultural land area differ tremendously across regions.
In OECD countries, a slight decrease (2%) to 2050 is projected. For the BRIICS as a whole, the
projected decrease is more than 17%, reflecting in particular the declining population in
Russia and China (from 2035). At least for the coming decades, a further expansion in
agricultural area is still projected in the rest of the world, where population is still
growing and the transition towards a higher calorie and more meat-based diet is likely
to continue. These agricultural developments are among the main drivers of land-use
change, and consequently of developments in GHG emissions from land use
(Figure 3.8). From about 2045 onwards, a net reforestation trend is projected – with CO2
emissions from land use becoming negative.
However, there is large uncertainty over these projections, because of annual variations
and data limitations on land-use trends and the exact size of various carbon stocks.* To
date, the key driver of agricultural production has been yield increases (80%), while only
20% of the increase has come from an expansion in agricultural area (Smith et al., 2011). If
agricultural yield improvements turn out to be less than anticipated, global agricultural
land area might not decline, but could stabilise or grow slowly instead.
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| Emission Intensity (CO2 per GDP)
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| TIMESERIES Emission intensities (of 6 air pollutants) in the US, 1940–1998. Tons of emissions/real GDP – Aghion & Durlauf [Eds.] (2006)
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| six so-called criteria air pollutants, but amend these with international sources where possible. These are: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, lead, large particulates and volatile organic compounds
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| normalized to 100 in 1940 and the figure adopts a log scale. PM10 fell by approximately 98%, sulfur, volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide fell by perhaps 88%, and nitrogen oxides fell by perhaps 60%. Some- what surprisingly, it is also apparent that if we exclude the years of World War II at the start of the data, the rate of reduction for each pollutant appears to be roughly constant over time.
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| [ref]This is taken from a chapter in Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1B. North Holland.
[/ref]
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| Decarbonization of Primary Energy in the United States and Selected Countries.
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| Expressed in kilograms of carbon per ton oil equivalent (kgC/toe).
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| Decarbonization of Economic Activities in the United States
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| Expressed in kilograms of carbon per unit of GDP at constant 1990 prices
[kgC/US(1990)$].
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| We are producing more with less and less energy
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| The decoupling of carbon emissions and income in the United States, the UK, China, and India
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| Correlates, Determinants, & Consequences
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| Relation between Emissions and Prosperity
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| Vielzitiertes Paper: Economic growth and emissions: reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental Kuznets curves
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| SCATTER Greenhouse-gas emissions per capita, versus GDP per capita, in purchasing-power-parity US dollars – MacKay
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| Squares show countries having “high human development;” circles, “medium” or “low.” See also figures 30.1 (p231) and 18.4 (p105). Source: UNDP Human Development Report, 2007. [3av4s9]
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| SCATTER Per capita carbon emissions (tons, metric) vs GDP per capita – World Development Report (2009)
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| SCATTER CO2 Emissions and GDP per capita from 1980 to 2005 – World Development Report 2010
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| Orig Caption: Where the world needs to go: Energy-related CO2 emissions per capita
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| SCATTER High emissions per worker can go hand in hand with low emissions per unit of output – World Development Report (2013) R√
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| I don't have this in DEVONthink - because it always crashed when I put it there
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This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for com- mercial purposes, under the following conditions:
Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2013. World Development Report 2014: Risk and Opportunity—Managing Risk for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9903–3. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0
Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.
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| PIECHART Share of global emissions, by country income level group 1850 and 2005 – World Development Report 2010
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| Sources: DOE 2009; World Bank 2008c; WRI 2008 augmented with land-use change emissions from Houghton 2009.
Note: The data cover over 200 countries for more recent years. Data are not available for all countries in the 19th century, but all major emitters of the era are included. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy include all fossil-fuel burning, gas flaring, and cement production. Greenhouse gas emissions include CO2, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and high-global-warming-potential gases (F-gases). Sectors include energy and industrial processes, agriculture, land-use change (from Houghton 2009), and waste. Overuse of the atmospheric commons relative to population share is based on deviations from equal per capita emissions; in 2005 high-income countries constituted 16 percent of global population; since 1850, on average, today’s high-income countries constituted about 20 percent of global population.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| TIMESERIES The CO2 intensity of the economy and the CO2 emissions per capita as a function of per capita income, USA, 1850-2004 – Tol, Pacala and Socolow (2006)
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| TIMESERIES Energy intensity per sector (tonnes of oil equivalent per thousand dollar for all sectors except residential which is in tonnes of oil equivalent per thousand people), as observed (symbols) and as modelled (thick lines; thin lines are the boundaries of the 95% confidence intervals). – Tol, Pacala and Socolow (2006)
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| Relation between Emissions and Power Consumption
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| SCATTER Greenhouse-gas emissions per capita, versus power consumption per capita – MacKay
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| The lines show the emission-intensities of coal and natural gas. Squares show countries having “high human development;” circles, “medium” or “low.” See also figures 30.1 (p231) and 18.4 (p105). Source: UNDP Human Development Report, 2007.
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| SCATTER Cumulative total of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and global temperature change – Oxford Martin School (2013)
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| Source: IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers (Geneva: IPCC, September 2013), p. 36. “RCP” refers to the
Representative Concentration Pathway scenario used by the IPCC.
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| Relation between Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Form of Travel
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| BARCHART Kg carbon equivalent linked to 15,000 km traveled by train, by country.
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| Kg carbon equivalent linked to 15,000 km traveled by train depending on the country. Let's recall that alone in a very small car it would be close to 1,000 kg : the train is always better.
From Infras, 1998
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| Maps of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in Atmosphere
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| WORLDMAP World Map of Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Mid Troposphere 2013 in April
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| WORLDMAP Two computer models showing the amount of methane found at the Earth's surface and in the stratosphere – Wikipedia (NASA) R√
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| Description
Two computer models showing the amount of methane found at the Earth's surface and in the stratosphere.
Date not specified
Source http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16827
Author GMAO Chemical Forecasts and GEOS–CHEM NRT Simulations for ICARTT (top) and Randy Kawa, NASA GSFC Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch (lower)
Permission
(Reusing this file)
Public domain
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| This file is in the public domain because it was solely created by NASA. NASA copyright policy states that "NASA material is not protected by copyright unless noted". (See Template:PD-USGov, NASA copyright policy page or JPL Image Use Policy.)
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| interesting but confusing graph TIMESERIES The 11-year running mean of the annual change in CO2 emissions and its constituents. The decomposition is as in Table 3; all changes in transport and residential are counted as “technology”.
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| TIMESERIES The 11-year running mean of the annual change in CO2 emissions and its constituents. The decomposition is as in Table 3; all changes in transport and residential are counted as “technology”. – Tol, Pacala and Socolow (2006)
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| CO2 by transport form BARCHART cheapest and cleanest travel mode options in China – World Development Report 2010
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| Sources: Cherry 2007; Weinert, Ma, and Cherry 2007
Note: E-bike emissions refer to full life-cycle, which, in this case, includes production, energy production, and use. For the regular bicycle only emissions from production are included.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| BARCHART Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Different Modes of Transportation [OC] (i.imgur.com)
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| Pollution by World Traffic
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| TIL that the 15 largest ships in the world contribute as much pollution to the environment as all of the cars in the world combined
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| CO2 emissions due to defrorestation since 1850, in million tonnes of carbon per year.
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| One will notice that:
When deforestation was the first cause of greenhouse gases emissions (late 19th century), it was the US that contributed the most! Now the US forest is expanding, and therefore the US has a net sink (as Europe)
Southern America, long the first contributor, is now caught up by South East Asia,
China has stopped deforesting,
Tropical Africa is the third large contributor.
Source: Houghton, The Woods Hole Research Center
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| BARCHART Agriculture and deforestation are heavy contributors to greenhouse gas emissions (Developed countries and Developing countries) – World Development Report (2008)
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| Source: WDR 2008 team, based on data from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
www.unfccc.int.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| BARCHART Intensive beef production is a heavy producer of greenhouse gas emissions – World Development Report 2010
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| Source: Williams, Audsley, and Sandars 2006.
Note: The figure shows CO2 equivalent emissions in kilograms resulting from the production (in an industrial country) of 1 kilogram of a specific product. The driving distance equivalent conveys the number of kilometers one must drive in a gasoline-powered car averaging 11.5 kilometers a liter to produce the given amount of CO2e emissions. For example, producing 1 kilogram of beef and driving 79.1 kilometers both result in 16 kilograms of emissions.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| Emissions by Lifestock WORLDMAP Livestock greenhouse gas intensity per land area [2335x1436]
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| BARCHART through-TIME Energy-related CO2 emissions per capita, OECD/BRIICS: 2000 and 2008 – OECD (2012)
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| Note: Production-based emissions, in tonnes of CO2 per capita.
Source: Based on OECD (2011e), Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress, OECD Green Growth Studies, from IEA data.
1 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932570411
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| Mitigation, Policies, Carbon Tax etc.
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| BARCHART It’s not just about energy: At high carbon prices the combined mitigation potential of agriculture and forestry is greater than that of other individual sectors of the economy - Potential emission reduction (GtCO 2e/yr) – World Development Report 2010
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| Source: Barker and others 2007b, figure TS.27.
Note: EIT = economies in transition. The ranges for global economic potentials as assessed in each sector are shown by black vertical lines.
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| Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
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| TABLE National policy measures limiting carbon emissions – World Development Report (2014) R√
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| Sources: WDR 2014 team based on data from KPMG Green Tax Index (database) (for national or subnational policy measures limiting carbon emissions), which analyzes the
21 largest economies of the world, and the World Bank World Development Indicators (database) (for CO2 emissions data, as reported in the Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee).
Note: X indicates the existence of a tax-related or non-tax-related measure in place at national or subnational levels. Energy efficiency refers to measures encouraging the
purchase of energy efficient equipment (excluding measures specific to green vehicles or buildings). Carbon and climate change refers to penalties on high emissions
(such as carbon taxes, emission trading systems or cap and trade mechanisms, and carbon sequestration incentives and penalties). Green innovation includes incentives
for research and development for green technologies. Renewable energy and fuels refers to use of tax codes to encourage the production or use of renewable or alternative
fuels and/or penalizing the use of fossil fuels. Green vehicle and buildings refers to tax incentives to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, increase their water
efficiency and sustainability of building materials, and the purchase, lease and use of greener (fuel efficient, hybrid, electric) vehicles (excluding tax penalties and incentives
related to fuels, which are included under renewable energy and fuels). Water efficiency includes use of taxes to encourage corporations to conserve and recycle water
supplies. Material resource efficiency and waste management include use of taxes to promote conservation of material resources, reduction of waste, and recycling of
waste materials. Pollution control and ecosystem protection include incentives to purchase equipment to reduce the pollution generated by the company or to encourage
businesses to rehabilitate contaminated lands.
* 1991 value; ** 1992 value. *** Measures recorded by KPMG may not include some of the recent initiatives. For example, in Germany, recent information suggests additional
measures in the areas of waste management, pollution control, and biodiversity protection (see German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation
and Nuclear Safety (BMU), “The Energy Concept and its Accelerated Implementation,” http://www.bmu.de/en/topics/climate-energy/transformation-of-the-energysystem/
resolutions-and-measures/). In Argentina, recent information also suggests programs that limit carbon emissions, including energy efficiency, green buildings,
waste management, pollution control, and ecosystem protection. CO2 = carbon dioxide.
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This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for com- mercial purposes, under the following conditions:
Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2013. World Development Report 2014: Risk and Opportunity—Managing Risk for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9903–3. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0
Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.
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| BARCHART Cross Section Data on Tax on CO2 Emissions – OECD Data
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| OECD Statistik des Tages
Anti-Treibhaus: Die Schweiz besteuert energiebezogene C02-Emissionen mit 107 Euro pro Tonne am höchsten. In Kanada, den USA und Mexiko dagegen gibt es auf Bundesebene wenig finanzielle Anreize zum Klimaschutz.
Mehr unter http://bit.ly/13LgyKU (Taxing Energy Use, S. 31)
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| also in public opinion on environment SCATTER Environmental concern and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP – Franzen and Meyer (2010)
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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| Measurement, Data Quality & Definitions
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| WIKIPEDIA: The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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| Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
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| Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2013. “Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions”. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2013
Online here: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html
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| Gapminder republishes these data
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| also used in Gapinder: DATA CO2 Emissions since 1800
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| Clio Infra Project is also using CDIAC data
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| Sources according to Clio Infra
Working Paper CLIO-INFRA: Total CO2 Emissions
1. Title
Total fossil fuel CO2 emissions by decade and country
2. Author(s)
Kees Klein Goldewijk, Utrecht University
3. Production date
2012-9-1.
4. Version
1
5. Variable group(s)
Geography, Environment, and Ssustainability
6. Variable(s)
Total fossil fuel CO2 emissions
7. Unit of analysis
Country
8. Keywords (5)
Fossil fuel, CO2, emissions
9. Abstract (200 words)
The original source for carbon dioxide emissions are the estimates of the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (CDIAC; Marland et al, 2004). Global, regional, and national annual estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring have been calculated, some as far back as 1751 and extrapolated back to 1500. These estimates, derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations, were calculated using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). Cement production estimates from the U.S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration, Rotty (1974), and with a few national estimates provided by G. Marland. Timeseries are regularly updated till current time, see also the Global Carbon Project (http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/)
10. Time period
1500 -2000
11. Geographical coverage
Worldwide
12. Methodologies used for data collection and processing
Reconstruction of emissions based on historical energy statistics and simple emission factors
13. Data quality
Good, internationally is CDIAC the recognized source for this.
14. Date of collection
See references
15. Data collectors
CDIAC (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/)
16. Sources
CDIAC (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/)
Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2011. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2011
See also http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2008.html
• Andres, R.J., D.J. Fielding, G. Marland, T.A. Boden, and N. Kumar. 1999. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel use, 1751-1950. Tellus 51B:759-65.
• Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R. J. Andres. 1995. Estimates of global, regional, and national annual CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring: 1950-1992. ORNL/CDIAC-90, NDP-30/R6. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
• Marland, G., and R.M. Rotty. 1984. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels: A procedure for estimation and results for 1950-82. Tellus 36(B):232-61.
• Etemad, B., J. Luciani, P. Bairoch, and J.-C. Toutain. 1991. World Energy Production 1800-1985. Librarie DROZ, Switzerland.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1983. International Historical Statistics: The Americas and Australasia 1750-1988. pgs. 522-525. Gale Research Company, Detroit, United States.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1992. International Historical Statistics: Europe 1750-1988. pgs. 465-485. Stockton Press, New York, United States.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1993. International Historical Statistics: The Americas 1750-1988. pgs. 405-414. Stockton Press, New York, United States.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1995. International Historical Statistics: Africa, Asia and Oceania 1750-1988. pgs. 490-497. Stockton Press, New York, United States.
• Rotty, R.M. 1974. First estimates of global flaring of natural gas. Atmospheric Environment 8:681-86.
• United Nations. 2010. 2008 Energy Statistics Yearbook. United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division, New York.
• U.S. Department of Energy. 1994. International Energy Annual 1994. DOE/EIA-0219(91). Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Washington, D.C.
• U.S. Geological Survey. 2010. 2008 Minerals Yearbook - Cement H.G. van Oss (Ed.), U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
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| Sources according to Clio Infra
Working Paper CLIO-INFRA: CO2 Emissions per Capita
1. Title
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions per capita by decade and country
2. Author(s)
Kees Klein Goldewijk, Utrecht University
3. Production date
2012-9-1.
4. Version
1
5. Variable group(s)
Geography, Environment, and Sustainability
6. Variable(s)
Fossil fuel CO2 emissions per capita
7. Unit of analysis
Country
8. Keywords (5)
Fossil fuel, CO2, per capita emissions
9. Abstract (200 words)
The original source for carbon dioxide emissions are the estimates of the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (CDIAC; Marland et al, 2004). Global, regional, and national annual estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring have been calculated, some as far back as 1751 and extrapolated back to 1500. These estimates, derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations, were calculated using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). Cement production estimates from the U.S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration, Rotty (1974), and with a few national estimates provided by G. Marland. Timeseries are regularly updated till current time, see also the Global Carbon Project (http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/)
10. Time period
1500 -2000
11. Geographical coverage
Worldwide
12. Methodologies used for data collection and processing
Reconstruction of emissions based on historical energy statistics and simple emission factors
13. Data quality
Good, internationally is CDIAC the recognized source for this.
14. Date of collection
-
15. Data collectors
CDIAC (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/)
16. Sources
CDIAC (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/)
Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres. 2011. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2011
See also http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/overview_2008.html
• Andres, R.J., D.J. Fielding, G. Marland, T.A. Boden, and N. Kumar. 1999. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel use, 1751-1950. Tellus 51B:759-65.
• Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R. J. Andres. 1995. Estimates of global, regional, and national annual CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring: 1950-1992. ORNL/CDIAC-90, NDP-30/R6. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
• Marland, G., and R.M. Rotty. 1984. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels: A procedure for estimation and results for 1950-82. Tellus 36(B):232-61.
• Etemad, B., J. Luciani, P. Bairoch, and J.-C. Toutain. 1991. World Energy Production 1800-1985. Librarie DROZ, Switzerland.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1983. International Historical Statistics: The Americas and Australasia 1750-1988. pgs. 522-525. Gale Research Company, Detroit, United States.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1992. International Historical Statistics: Europe 1750-1988. pgs. 465-485. Stockton Press, New York, United States.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1993. International Historical Statistics: The Americas 1750-1988. pgs. 405-414. Stockton Press, New York, United States.
• Mitchell, B.R. 1995. International Historical Statistics: Africa, Asia and Oceania 1750-1988. pgs. 490-497. Stockton Press, New York, United States.
• Rotty, R.M. 1974. First estimates of global flaring of natural gas. Atmospheric Environment 8:681-86.
• United Nations. 2010. 2008 Energy Statistics Yearbook. United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division, New York.
• U.S. Department of Energy. 1994. International Energy Annual 1994. DOE/EIA-0219(91). Energy Information Administration, Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Washington, D.C.
• U.S. Geological Survey. 2010. 2008 Minerals Yearbook - Cement H.G. van Oss (Ed.), U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
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| History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE)
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| Emissions: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, CFC, Sulphur Dioxide, Ammonia, Nitrogen Oxides, NMVOC
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| co2_emiss_tcm61-36153.xls
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| DATA&xls The History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE) presents data – visualised and available for download – on Global CH4 estimates since 1890 here.
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| ch4_emiss_tcm61-36155.xls
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| Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE)
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| AGAGE is measuring the composition of the global atmosphere continuously since 1978.
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| World Bank – World Development Indicators (WDI)
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| Very important and good! DATA Global Carbon Budget
Great data set with Atmospheric CO2 concentration, production and consumption CO2 and much more ….
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| DATA Annual data on 'CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'CO2 emissions (kt)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'CO2 emissions (kt)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Other greenhouse gas emissions, HFC, PFC and SF6 (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Agricultural methane emissions (% of total)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Agricultural nitrous oxide emissions (% of total)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| DATA Annual data on 'Combustible renewables and waste (% of total energy)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
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| FAO database on Emissions (Agriculture & Land Use)
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| – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
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