interesting EUROMAP Map of Europe of Earliest date of a 10 percent decrease in fertility, by province - Cambridge Economic History Vol. 1

				could do the same myself (include 'world') T  BARCHART Years for the total fertility rate to fall from more than 6 children to less than 3. – World Development Report 2012

				Hans Rosling ‏@HansRosling Ethiopian fertility rate fell from 7(1992) to now 4.2 births/women, (=Ghana) http://www.bit.ly/PBiwb6  , i.e. more than halfway to 2-child family

				Hans Rosling ‏@HansRosling 10 Mar 40 years ago Turkey had 5 & Sweden 2 babies born / woman. Today both nations have 2 babies/woman. Catch-up completed! http://www.bit.ly/Zum2Lm

				Hans Rosling ‏@HansRosling 29 Mar BREAK.NEWS: The 4 southern States of India(pop.=250 million) now has lower fertility rate(1.8 births/woman) than USA http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-28/india/38098974_1_fertility-rate-southern-states-population-shrinks …

				WHO ‏@WHO Over the last 10 years fertility rates in #China, #Indonesia & other Asian countries dropped below Europe's http://bit.ly/vZWUnu  #ageing Retweeted by Hans Rosling

				Data on the Total fertility (TFR) and the Total Population. Data up to 2010 for the population and 2005-2010 for the fertility are observations. Later data are projections from the UN. Definition by the source: The average number of children a hypothetical cohort of women would have at the end of their reproductive period if they were subject during their whole lives to the fertility rates of a given period and if they were not subject to mortality. It is expressed as children per woman. Total Population - Both Sexes    Total Population - Both Sexes. De facto population in a country, area or region as of 1 July of the year indicated. Figures are presented in thousands.

					WPP2012_FERT_F04_TOTAL_FERTILITY.XLS

					WPP2012_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.XLS

				Cumulative global population by level of fertility, 1950 - 2003.

				Source 1: TABLE Fertility in Modern Forager Societies – Clark

				Source 2 TABLE Life Expectancy for Modern Foragers – Clark

				[ref]All of this data is taken from Gregory Clark (2007) – A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. Source for all mortality and life expectancy data: Clark’s source for the Ache, Paraguay is Hill, Kim, and A. M. Hurtado. 1996. Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. For all others (Kutchin, Yukon; Hadza, Tanzania; !Kung, Ngamiland, Botswana; !Kung, Dobe, Botswana; Agta, Philippines) – Pennington, Renee. 2001. “Hunter Gatherer Demography.” In Hunter-Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, eds. Catherine Panter-Brick, Robert H. Layton, and Peter Rowley-Conwy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, pp. 171–204.

					Screen Shot 2016-02-18 at 17.59.34

					fertility Europe.xlsx

				[ref]All of this data is taken from Gregory Clark (2007) – A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. His sources are country by country: Belgium – Flinn, 1981 France – Flinn, 1981 and Weir 1984 Germany – Flinn, 1981 England – Flinn, 1981 Netherlands – De Vries, 1985, 665. Scandinavia – Flinn, 1981

				DATA&xls  Gapminder publishes data on the total fertility rate. Data goes back to 1800 and is available for a great number of countries.

				[ref]The data is taken from Gapminder. The data documentation and the spreadsheets available for download can be found here. (The documentation includes a discussion of the quality of the available data on fertility.)  http://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd008/ The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is defined as the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if: 1. She were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through her lifetime, and 2. She were to survive from birth through the end of her reproductive life. This is the definition given by Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate . The same definition is also given by the OECD http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/factbook-2013-en/01/01/02/index.html?itemId=/content/chapter/factbook-2013-2-en and the World Bank http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN . [/ref]

					Roser_CSV_Fertility_GapminderData

					pastedImage14050.png

				Poston & Bouvier (2010) - Population and Society An Introduction to Demography [ref]Poston and Bouvier (2010) - Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography. Cambridge University Press. [/ref]

				Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present Figure 10.5 Fertility in northern and western Europe, 1910–45 (contemporary boundaries; average number of births per woman aged 15-49). Source: Chesnais (1999, p. 106). The entries for Republic of Ireland and the UK 1910–14 (which excludes S. Ireland) are estimates. Chesnais, J.-C. 1999. La fécondité au XXe siècle: une baisse irrégulière, mais profunde et irrésistible. In Bardet and Dupâquier 1999, pp. 183–222. Bardet, J.-P. and J. Dupâquier, eds. 1999. Histoire des populations de l’Europe, Vol. 3, Les temps incertains, 1914–1998.

				Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present rs Figure 10.6 Fertility in southern and eastern Europe, 1910–45 (contemporary boundaries; average number of births per woman aged 15-49). Source: as for Figure 10.5. The entries for Czechoslovakia 1914–19, Italy 1910–39, and Yugoslavia 1910–19 and 1940–5 are estimates. Source: Chesnais (1999, p. 106). The entries for Republic of Ireland and the UK 1910–14 (which excludes S. Ireland) are estimates. Chesnais, J.-C. 1999. La fécondité au XXe siècle: une baisse irrégulière, mais profunde et irrésistible. In Bardet and Dupâquier 1999, pp. 183–222. Bardet, J.-P. and J. Dupâquier, eds. 1999. Histoire des populations de l’Europe, Vol. 3, Les temps incertains, 1914–1998.

					My Source: James Fenske - 2012LectureDemography Orig Source: Source: Guinnane, 2011, “The Historical Fertility Transition”

					My Source: James Fenske - 2012LectureDemography Orig: Cummins (2011), “Marital Fertility”

				[ref]The data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. Germany refers only to West Germany between 1946 and 1989.[/ref]

				The IHS data is in this DEVONthink folder:  VITAL STATISTICS RATES PER 1,000 POPULATION (Births, Deaths, Marriages)

				My citatation for a single series:

				[ref]The data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960 Germany refers only to West Germany between 1946 and 1989.[/ref]

					Roser_CSV_BirthRatesLongRun_IHSdata.csv

				Figure 2.1 The fertility history of England, 1540–2000 (Clark 2007a, p. 290, fig. 14.6)

				Clark’s explanation: Figure 14.6 shows the course of the so-called demographic transition in England. The figure shows two measures of fertility. The first is the gross re- production rate (GRR), the average number of daughters born to a woman who lived through the full reproductive span, by decade. Since there were roughly as many sons as daughters born, such a woman would have given birth to nearly five children all the way from the 1540s to the 1890s. Since in England 10–20 percent of each female cohort remained celibate, for married women the average number of births was close to six. The demographic transition to mod- ern fertility rates began only in the 1890s and then progressed rapidly. By 2000 English women gave birth on average to less than two children. This transition in England was similar in timing to that across a whole range of European countries at the end of the nineteenth century. The second measure of fertility is the net reproduction rate (NRR), the average number of daughters that would be born though her lifetime by the average female born in each decade. If the NRR is 1, then each female born merely replaces herself over the course of a lifetime (having two children on average). Net reproduction rates fell much less. Indeed for the average pre- industrial society the NRR would be much closer to 1 than in prosperous preindustrial England in the years 1540–1800. So the decline in NRR with the arrival of the modern world has been minimal. As we saw in the previous chapter the GRR and NRR both rose in the era of the classic Industrial Rev- olution in England.

					Gregory Clark (2007) - A Farewell to Alms - a brief economic history of the world [ref]The Source is Clark (2008) - A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. The original source is: [/ref]

				Source: Andorka (1978) and Kuzynski (1969)

				[ref]This is from a chapter in a working paper version of Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1A. North Holland. [/ref]

				This is the proper book but I have taken the paper from a working paper version: Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1A. North Holland.

				Source: Chesnais (1992)

				[ref]This is from a chapter in a working paper version of Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1A. North Holland. [/ref]

				This is the proper book but I have taken the paper from a working paper version: Philippe Aghion, Steven N. Durlauf (2006) - Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1A. North Holland.

				Note: For the United States, values before 1909 are linear interpolations between decennial census years. Source: Crude birth rates as reported in Mitchell (1980).

				Guinnane, Timothy W. (2011) – The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(3): 589-614. DOI: 10.1257/jel.49.3.589

				Guinnane, Timothy W. (2011) – The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists.

				Notes: The cohort fertility rate is the mean number of children born to women belonging to the birth cohorts on the horizontal axis. The overlapping years are in the source. The precise birth cohorts vary slightly across countries. Sources: Festy (1979): for England, p. 262; for France, pp. 266–67; for Italy, p. 283; for the United States, p. 290; and for Germany, p. 222. Marschalck (1984), table 3.6, for Germany for the years 1901–1945.

				Guinnane, Timothy W. (2011) – The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(3): 589-614. DOI: 10.1257/jel.49.3.589

				Guinnane, Timothy W. (2011) – The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists.

					UN&Flinn data on ASBR

				[ref]Shown is the number of births per 1,000 women in each age bracket. 300 means that out of 1000 women in this each bracket gave birth in the year that the data is referring to. The source for the data referring to 'before 1790' is taken from table 4.1 in Clark (2008) - A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. The original source of this data to which Clark is referring is Michael W. Flinn (1981) – The European Demographic System: 1500–1820. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press., page  86. I have multiplied the 'annual birth rate' presented in Clark (2008) by 1,000 to make it comparable with the UN data. All other data for the time after 1950 is taken from the United Nations Population Division (2012 Revision) online here. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm The UN's definition of Age-Specific Fertility Rates can be found here. https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WFD%202008/Metadata/ASFR.html [/ref]

				xlsDATA UN

					Gregory Clark (2007) - A Farewell to Alms - a brief economic history of the world [ref]The Source is Clark (2008) - A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press. The original source is: Michael W. Flinn (1981) – The European Demographic System: 1500–1820. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press., page  86.[/ref]

					birth.xlsx

					pastedImage14030.png

				Poston & Bouvier (2010) - Population and Society An Introduction to Demography [ref]Poston and Bouvier (2010) - Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography. Cambridge University Press. [/ref] Their Source: United Nations, 2008a. United Nations. 2008a. World Fertility Patterns 2007, Wall Chart. New York: United Nations.

				Poston & Bouvier (2010) - Population and Society An Introduction to Demography [ref]Poston and Bouvier (2010) - Population and Society: An Introduction to Demography. Cambridge University Press. [/ref]

					usbirth.xlsx

				http://de.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/1sy1l6/number_of_births_in_germany_france_the_uk_and/

				http://de.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/272zb2/total_fertility_rate_worldwide/

				[ref]The data is taken from the United Nations Population Division (2012 Revision) online here. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/fertility.htm DEFINITION [/ref]

				http://de.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/1o9afb/american_birth_rates_vs_european_birth_rates/

				Source: Heuser, “Cohort Fertility Tables, 1917–1970,” and National Center for Health Sta- tistics, “Cohabitation, Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage.” Note: For women born after 1955, we projected forward to when they finish their child- bearing (projected fertility shown with circles on the lines).

				Fischer and Hout (2008) Tables and Figures [ref]The source of this is Fischer and Hout (2008) - Century of Difference - How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years, Russell Sage Foundation. The website of the book is here. https://www.russellsage.org/publications/century-difference Tables and figures are online here. https://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/Fischer_Hout_Tables%20Figures.pdf [/ref]

					Scatter Fertility Rate vs Infant Mortality

				My Plots in Excel

					Scatter-Fertility-vs-Infant-Survival-(3).png

				[ref]The data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960 The child survival rate is calculated using the IHS data on 'Deaths Of Infants Under One Year Old Per 1,000 Live Births'. [/ref]

					The Demographic Transition - Montgomery [ref]The source is The Demographic Transition by Keith Montgomery Taken from the website of the University of Wisconsin here http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm [/ref]

					The Demographic Transition - Montgomery [ref]The source is The Demographic Transition by Keith Montgomery Taken from the website of the University of Wisconsin here http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm [/ref]

					The Demographic Transition - Montgomery [ref]The source is The Demographic Transition by Keith Montgomery Taken from the website of the University of Wisconsin here http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm [/ref]

					The Demographic Transition - Montgomery [ref]The source is The Demographic Transition by Keith Montgomery Taken from the website of the University of Wisconsin here http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm [/ref]

					undefined#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=25;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=6;ti=2011$zpv;v=1$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=0ArfEDsV3bBwCcGhBd2NOQVZ1eWowNVpSNjl1c3lRSWc;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=tUSeGJOQhafugwUvHvY%2DwLA;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=20;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL%5Fn5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=1.8;dataMax=682$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=6;dataMax=58$map_s;sma=50;smi=2$cd;bd=0$inds=

				NOTE: Each data point refers to a single population.

				[ref]This is taken from M Gurven, H Kaplan (2007) – Longevity Among Hunter‐Gatherers: A Cross‐Cultural Examination. Population and Development Review. Volume 33, Issue 2, pages 321–365, June 2007. Online here. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x/abstract [/ref]

				Gurven Kaplan (2007) - Longevity Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination

					My Source: HDR_2013 The Rise of the South - Human Progress in a Diverse World (EN_complete) Original Source: Lutz and KC 2013. -- Lutz, W., and S. KC. 2013. “Demography and Human Development: Education and Population Projections.” Human Development Research Paper. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office, New York. Note: Data refer to the period 10 years before the survey year.

					Child Mortality rate TFR and mothers Education.xlsx

				Im gleichen Paper sind auch Forcasts je nach BildungsSzenario

					My Source: Ian Goldin, Kenneth A. Reinert (2007) - Globalization for Development Original Source: United Nations Development Programme (2005) - Human Development Report 2005. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

				Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 1, 1700-1870 Figure 2.10 Marital fertility for 1870 and 1930 by school enrollment in 1870 (Coale and Watkins, 1986; Lindert, 2004) Die Daten von Lindert 2004 sind schon in meiner Database

				Source: Jolly and Gribble (1993, Table 3.6).

					womeduandfert.xlsx

				Source: Jolly and Gribble (1993, Table 3.6) and Cohen (1993, Table 2.4).

					womedu.xlsx

				[ref]This is taken from a chapter in Karl-Göran Mäler, Jeffrey R. Vincent (2003) - Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 1: Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. North Holland. [/ref]

				Karl-Göran Mäler, Jeffrey R. Vincent (2003) - Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 1_ Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. North Holland.

				http://dish.andrewsullivan.com/2013/09/11/more-money-more-children/

				But the US women are also just generally better educated.

					My Source: Zimring (2006) - The Great American Crime Decline Original Source: National Center for Health Statistics. 1990. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. Note: To compensate for missing data, values for the African American TFR have been linearly interpo- lated for 1961–63.

					Source: Norris & Inglehart (2004) - Sacred and Secular - Religion and Politics Worldwide [ref]Norris  and Inglehart (2004) - *Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide*. Cambridge University Press. [/ref] Original Source: Annual population growth rate 1975–1997: World Bank 2003 World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank, available online at: www.worldbank.org. Source: World Values Survey, pooled 1981–2001. Notes: Importance of religion: Q10: “How important is religion in your life? Very important, rather important, not very important, not at all important.”

					Source: Norris & Inglehart (2004) - Sacred and Secular - Religion and Politics Worldwide [ref]Norris  and Inglehart (2004) - *Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide*. Cambridge University Press. [/ref] Original Source:

				Sources: Ideal number of births (mean value): Gallup polls (1935 to 1997) and General Social Survey (1972 to 2000); actual number of births: see figure 4.3. Note: Actual numbers of births are cohort total fertility rates dated to the year the cohort turned thirty years old.

				Fischer and Hout (2008) Tables and Figures [ref]The source of this is Fischer and Hout (2008) - Century of Difference - How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years, Russell Sage Foundation. The website of the book is here. https://www.russellsage.org/publications/century-difference Tables and figures are online here. https://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/Fischer_Hout_Tables%20Figures.pdf [/ref]

				Notes: This figure differs from Wrigley and Schofield (1981, figure 10.1) in two ways. I plot the CBR, not the Gross Rate of Reproduction. The real wage index here is Robert Allen’s “labourers” index, rather than the Phelps Brown-Hopkins index. The series plotted are centered eleven-year moving averages. Allen’s index can be found at: http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/members/robert.allen/WagesPrices.htm. Source: Based on Wrigley and Schofield (1981), figure 10.6.

				Most of the literature uses Malthusian models to understand the relationship between population and the economy before the fertility transition, and views the fertility transition as an escape from the Malthusian world. Figure 5 shows that escape: until the early nineteenth century, there was a posi- tive relationship between fertility and the real wage in England and Wales. Then the relationship breaks down: higher wages, the product of capital accumulation and technological change, no longer translated into higher fertility.

				Guinnane, Timothy W. (2011) – The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(3): 589-614. DOI: 10.1257/jel.49.3.589

				Guinnane, Timothy W. (2011) – The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists.

				Only countries with over 5 Million population were plotted, to reduce outliers. Sources: CIA World Fact Book.

				http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TFR_vs_PPP_2009.svg

				Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 1, 1700-1870 Figure 2.8 Index of marital fertility by gross domestic product per capita, 1870 and 1930 (Coale and Watkins, 1986; Maddison, 2003a)

				Source: WDR 2012 team estimates based on Demographic and Health Surveys.

				[ref]This is taken from World Bank (2012) – World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. Online here. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf [/ref]

				World Development Report (2012)

				The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.

				http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/abs/nature08230.html

				During the twentieth century, the global population has gone through unprecedented increases in economic and social development that coincided with substantial declines in human fertility and population growth rates1, 2. The negative association of fertility with economic and social development has therefore become one of the most solidly established and generally accepted empirical regularities in the social sciences1, 2, 3. As a result of this close connection between development and fertility decline, more than half of the global population now lives in regions with below-replacement fertility (less than 2.1 children per woman)4. In many highly developed countries, the trend towards low fertility has also been deemed irreversible5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Rapid population ageing, and in some cases the prospect of significant population decline, have therefore become a central socioeconomic concern and policy challenge10. Here we show, using new cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the total fertility rate and the human development index (HDI), a fundamental change in the well-established negative relationship between fertility and development as the global population entered the twenty-first century. Although development continues to promote fertility decline at low and medium HDI levels, our analyses show that at advanced HDI levels, further development can reverse the declining trend in fertility. The previously negative development–fertility relationship has become J-shaped, with the HDI being positively associated with fertility among highly developed countries. This reversal of fertility decline as a result of continued economic and social development has the potential to slow the rates of population ageing, thereby ameliorating the social and economic problems that have been associated with the emergence and persistence of very low fertility.

				Mikko Myrskylä, Hans-Peter Kohler & Francesco C. Billari (2009) – Advances in development reverse fertility declines. Nature 460, 741-743 (6 August 2009) | doi:10.1038/nature08230; Received 1 April 2009; Accepted 17 June 2009

				http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full/nature08230.html

				The TFR reflects the number of children that would be born to a woman during her lifetime if she experienced the age-specific fertility rates observed in a calendar year. The HDI is the primary index used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to monitor and evaluate broadly defined human development, combining with equal weight indicators of a country's health conditions, living standard and human capital11. An HDI of 0.9 roughly corresponds to 75 years of life expectancy, a GDP per capita of 25,000 US dollars in year 2000 purchasing power parity, and a 0.95 education index (a weighted sum of standardized literacy rate and primary, secondary and tertiary level gross enrolment ratios). The 1975 data include 107 countries, with 1975 HDI levels ranging from 0.25 to 0.887, and 1975 TFR levels ranging from 1.45 to 8.5; the 2005 data include 140 countries, with 2005 HDI levels ranging from 0.3 to 0.966, and 2005 TFR levels ranging from 1.08 to 7.7. The Spearman's rank correlation between HDI and TFR in 1975 is -0.85 (P < 0.01); the Spearman's rank correlation between HDI and TFR in 2005 is -0.84 (P < 0.01) for countries with HDI < 0.85, and 0.51 (P < 0.01) for countries with HDI greater than or equal to 0.9. For further details, see Supplementary Information. Countries with a 2005 HDI greater than or equal to 0.9 include (2005 HDI in parentheses): Australia (0.966), Norway (0.961), Iceland (0.956), Ireland (0.95), Luxembourg (0.949), Sweden (0.947), Canada (0.946), Finland (0.945), France (0.945), the Netherlands (0.945), the United States (0.944), Denmark (0.943), Japan (0.943), Switzerland (0.942), Belgium (0.94), New Zealand (0.938), Spain (0.938), the United Kingdom (0.936), Austria (0.934), Italy (0.934), Israel (0.922), Greece (0.918), Germany (0.916), Slovenia (0.913) and South Korea (0.911).

				N: number of countries. TFR: total fertility rate. PE: women’s share of paid employment (%). UE: percentage of women working as unpaid family workers. I : women’s illiteracy rate (%). Source: IIED/WRI (1987, Table 2.3).

					ferti.xlsx

				[ref]This is taken from a chapter in Karl-Göran Mäler, Jeffrey R. Vincent (2003) - Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 1: Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. North Holland. [/ref]

				Karl-Göran Mäler, Jeffrey R. Vincent (2003) - Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 1_ Environmental Degradation and Institutional Responses. North Holland.